Jargon Demystified: Dualbooting

Us geeks have a penchant for different operating systems. We always want to get our hands dirty with something new, something faster, something just-out. It's part of the adrenaline rush that's so very essential for our tech-happiness. And the one thing that is essential to trying out new OSes, is dual-booting.

The worst part about wanting to try out a new OS is the fact that moving to a new OS environment is like changing your neighbourhood. And just like it's a bit crazy to get to know people around your new neighbourhood, it's equally crazy to personalize your new OS just as you want it. So, to keep our personalization intact and for that occasional nostalgia, we use something called dual-booting.

Dual-booting is essentially refers to having two operating systems installed on a single computer. The user gets to select his choice of OS at each boot. Simple, right? Not quite. When you actually get down to doing it, dual-booting can be a major pain in the ass. There are a lot of things to consider. Partitioning, filesystems, blah, blah, blah. Below is a simple list of things you need to do to make your experience as smooth as possible.

1. If any one of your OSes is Windows, then install Windows before you install any other OSes. The bootloaders of other OSes do a much better job of recognising Windows installations than Windows does of recognising them.
2. Make sure you have atleast one partition, which uses a filesystem that can be read by both operating systems. This way, you can shuttle critical files back and forth without the need to shove in a flash drive each time.
3. Whatever you do, make sure you have a backup of all, yes ALL files on your system. You don't know when something might go wrong and you'll end up using all your work. Create disk images before you sit down to install another OS.
4. And last, but not least, make sure you read the documentation for your new OS before you start installing it. You never know when a tip from any John Doe around the world may come to your rescue.

Dual-booting isn't child's play. But it isn't nuclear science either. With the right tools and a focussed head, you can go about it in a very painless fashion!

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WriteMonkey Takes The Monkey Out Of Writing

Free app WriteMonkey makes it really easy to stay focused on your writing endeavours. As a blogger, I frequently find myself getting distracted by different apps when I least need them. The worst past is that more often than not, these distractions make me lose my train of thought. So, I set out to look for an app that'll give me basic text handling (Notepad-esque), without letting any distractions come to the fore. WriteMonkey does that effectively, and a lot more.

Firstly, head on to the WriteMonkey website and get a copy for yourself. It weighs in at a meagre 1.5 MB. Then extract it into a directory of your choice and you are all set to go.

WriteMonkey, by default, opens in fullscreen and hides anything else you were working on, thus serving its main purpose. You'll be looking at a cursor on a dark background. There aren't any toolbars, any buttons, or even a "Close" button. Hit "Esc" and you'll see the actual application window complete with a menu bar. Hit it again and you get back to fullscreen.

For an app that's supposed to be so tiny and basic in its functioning, WriteMonkey does its job very well. It's got a plethora of features that you can customize, and even features a spell checking tool. You won't have advanced features from your favorite word processor, but what you do get is a no-frills platform to get going.

Customization options include:

• Default Font Properties
• Default Background
• Page Width
• Toggle Autosave
• Scratchpad (for your random, marked-for-later thoughts
• Autotext (called "Replacements")
• Bookmarking

If you are old-school, you can even enable Typewritter sounds for instant typing bliss.

Take WriteMonkey out for a spin and let me know what you feel about it. I've been using it regularly and haven't had any problems with writing.

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3 Timewasters To Make Your Weekend Fun

The weekend is here and most of us like nothing more than to stretch out and engage in our pursuit of trivial nothings. There's nothing better on a weekend than brewing some Sunday coffee, catching up on the week's top stories, checking social networks, and basically doing nothing at all. And to add to that, you now have Technokracy's recommended timewasters on the Internet.

A Timewaster is basically a Flash based game (or similar webapp) that helps you to, well... waste your time. And here's my 3 favorite timewasters to keep you going. Think out of the box, and you'll do very well.

• Karoshi Suicide Salaryman: This game is about a depressed employee who wants to end his life. Cute, funny graphics and over 50 levels of suicidal fun, you really need to tax your brain sometimes to beat this one.
  
• Take Something Literally: You'll be given hints on every level. Take every bit of the hints literally, and you'll be well on your way to beat the game.
  
• This Is The Only Level: I could never decide whether a game should contain one loooooong level, or several small ones. This game adds to my confusion. It's got the same level ending in different ways. You need to think up ways in which you can beat the level each time.
  

You can also find a TON of other timewasters at Armor Games. Post your favorite games in the comments, or even your best score from the three mentioned above.

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Beat Spammers With Disposable Email

Remember that last time when you really, really wanted that free e-book but were fretting to complete that "one-time, free registration" that promised not to sell your email-id to millions of spammers and businesses worldwide? Remember the feeling of helplessness as you slowly crawled across your keyboard, punching in each key with a growing dread and fearing the worst? Yes, spam can be a terrible, terrible source of headache for everybody. And it's not going to ease up anytime in the near future. Spammers are getting smarter with the techniques they use to get and abuse your email address.

So what do you do when you are faced which such a situation? Clearly, you can't NOT download that e-book because it's critical to your research. At the same time, you are really scared of disclosing your real email id. That's were disposable email addresses step in. Use any one of the services below and grab yourself disposable email addresses.

• 10 Minute Mail: Probably the simplest services available. The moment you visit the webpage, you are assigned a disposable e-mail address that lasts for 10 minutes. There is a handy link on the page itself to refresh the time for which the address will be active. On the bottom of the screen is the list of emails that have been received for that address. Go to 10 Minute Mail, and copy-paste the email address into that pesky registration form. [10 Minute Mail]
• Mailinator: "You are terminated!" You've heard that line in countless terminator movies (just four actually). Now you can hear it all it's glory every time you get spam from spammy sites. The good thing about Mailinator is that you don't have to get an email address from them (although you can) to use the system. You can just type "myspamkillingemailaddress@mailinator.com" (or anything else, as long the part after the '@' is the same) as your email address. And then you can head over to their website and use the same address to access any emails (useful, or otherwise), that you may have there. [Mailinator]
• GuerrillaMail: Although GuerrillaMail is similar to Mailinator in terms of what it offers, it does require one additional step before you can use your own addresses. You need to head over to their site and register the address you want to use. Once done, you have your own @guerrillamailblock.com email address, which expires after 60 minutes. It's also got a video tutorial on how to use the service. [GuerrillaMail]

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Boost Productivity By Managing Gmail Better

The Internet has permeated our lives in a clinical, ruthless manner. No matter where we are, we need to be connected. It's reached a point where an hour away from one's email inbox can lead to complete anarchy. I, for one, feel that having a cluttered Inbox severely stresses me out. It's like a pile of work that's pending. At the same time, I also realized that I'm using one of the most feature-packed webmail services in the world. So, I came up with a system that enables me to manage my Gmail inbox really well. Along with inspiration from Inbox Zero, I have managed to keep my email at bay, and tell it who's boss inside my inbox.

And today, you get to know all about it. I basically make use of many features inherent in Gmail, along with a few tweaks, to make my Inbox look really clean and tidy. Having a clean inbox lets me focus at the task at hand. Read on to know about my email kung-fu.

• Use Labels: Labels are a really cool way to deal with emails. It's like folders taken to another level. The difference is that one email can belong to multiple emails. So, in case I have an forwarded email from an important friend, it can go to two labels, one by the name of said friend, and the other that's conveniently named "Forwards". Go to Settings > Labels to create yours.
  
• Use Filters: If you haven't done so already, set up filters in your Gmail account. Filters are a really efficient way of sending the correct email to the correct places. Make sure that only the most important email reaches your Inbox. The rest can all be neatly sorted. The best part is that Gmail lets you export/import filters. To do so, just go to Settings > Lab > Filter Import/Export > Enable. My favorite filters are listed below. Create your own by clicking "Create a Filter" near the Search Box.
1. Forwarded Emails Filter: This filter simply looks for the strings "Fwd:" or "Fw:" in an email subject and applies the label "Forwards" to matching emails. It also archives the emails.
   
2. Social Networking Filter: This filter scans the "From:" field of all incoming emails and applies the label "Social Networks" to those, which originate from, well, Social Networks. It also archives these emails.
   
In case you don't want to go through the trouble of creating these filters for yourself. You can import my filters file provided below. Play with your filters to really unleash the power of Gmail. My Filters File
• Use the "+" Operator: What do I mean by that? Well, Gmail treats both "abc@gmail.com" as well as "abc+anywordshere@gmail.com" as the same. Now do you get my point? Suppose, you are signing up for the Technokracy Feed by Email. Then, you can use the email ID "youremail+technokracy@gmail.com" and still receive the emails at "youremail@gmail.com". Once you've done this, just setup a filter to redirect all emails addressed to "youremail+technokracy@gmail.com" to the label "Technokracy".
• Spruce Up Your Inbox: They say appearances can be deceptive. Well, you wouldn't mind deception once in a while, would you? Especially if you are using the default Gmail theme and have tons of email lying unattended? It just looks plain ugly if you know what I mean. Head over to my previous post about Pimping out Gmail and read how to make the whole interface look like you want it to. Author's Recommendation: Use the Mac OS X Snow Leopard Theme with Stylish.
  
• Use Firefox Extensions: This one is specially for professionals who are neck-deep into projects and tasks, but can't be bothered about using PIMs such as Outlook. Install the GTDInbox Firefox extension and see Gmail turn into a professional power-house. NOTE: This sadly just works for Firefox so far.
• Use Gmail Labs Features: Gmail is working on some really awesome features in their Labs. So head over there and enable the following life-saving features:
  
1. Hide Read Labels<: This feature manipulates the Gmail interface to only show those labels for which you currently have unread messages. Helps to draw your attention to the latest email.
2. Multiple Inboxes: Who needs one Inbox when you can have 5? OK. So five may be overkill. But once you enable this feature, you can head over to Settings > Multiple Inbox and configure more inboxes which will show up next to, above, or below your main Inbox. This way, you can have one inbox for all mail, one for mails from your boss, and one for mails that have attachments.

I have been using all the above tweaks to blaze through my email each morning for over a year now. I am pretty sure that once configured properly, you will be able to the same for your inbox. Go ahead and play some crazy Gmail games! 

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3 Reasons Why I Wouldn't Use Google Wave Yet

Google took a jab at redefining email when they opened Google Wave to the public earlier this year. Tomes and tomes of, well... webpages, were filled with how awesome a product Google Wave is. The entire Internet seemed to be waving and blipping with excitement. This was about redefining email. About changing how you and I interact. About being awesome as always, the Google way.

Don't get me wrong. It's still an awesome product. But I still don't and won't use Google Wave. At least not yet. And here's why:

• It's a void out there: Sure, it's just a selective Beta and there's always the option to use the "with:public" search term to get to the public waves, but do you seriously see yourself talking to a bunch of strangers? Wouldn't you rather just get on and Wave with a friend, or a colleague? The fact that invitations are not being rolled out quickly enough doesn't make the situation any better.

• If I wanted to crawl, I'd have been a snail: I mean seriously, what happened to all the gigahertz goodness I paid for? The moment you get 30 or above wavers onto a Wave, you start noticing a lag. And the system specs don't help (yours truly ran it on a pret-ty powerfuly rig). The best you can do at the moment is use Google Gears alongside your browser. But that only helps a little bit.

• It's for collaboration, not one-to-one communication: The idea was to reinvent email. While that was achieved in more ways than one (and you can call me a conformist for what I say next), I still feel that email exchanges are better off in their current state. I mean, I really don't want real-time messages on my screen when I'm writing to just one person, right? In its present state, Wave is best used when there are minutes to be exchanged between teams, technical documents to be written, or maybe even as live counselling rooms. But the bottom line remains that most of us won't move to a different platform just for dropping a line on our loved ones.

Google Wave has still got a lot of distance to traverse before it's ready for mass-market use. And maybe that's the point of the invitation-only Beta. But somewhere, I do feel Google could have tweaked it some more before unleashing it upon us. That could've been done by means of extra features, or maybe even by expanding the invitation queue to accommodate more people.

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Cybercrime. And Why You Need To Know About It

The fact that most computers are vulnerable to malware (viruses, trojan horses, etc.) is no new news. But what is shocking is the alarming rate at which malware is getting more and more sophisticated. The earliest viruses were mere pranks, meant for gags. With time, these viruses started evolving into crazy scripts that did everything from deleting your data, to stealing your identity. Now, more than ever before, we have the dire need to safeguard ourselves against the threats out there.

2009 kicked off with a major crisis for most computer users and anti-virus makers. The Confiker worm was busy creating havoc all around the world. Targetting mostly Windows XP systems, this worm is adept at infiltrating your computer and turn it into a zombie for inclusion into a large number of malicious botnets worldwide. Infected computers are then used to attack different websites. Conficker, however, is a thing of the past now. Anti-virus makers quickly came out with patches that stopped the Conficker virus from spreading rampantly. New-age malware is getting more dangerous with each passing day.

A case in point is the Gumblar virus, which infected close to a 100,000 computers in the first 3 months of its existence. It's very difficult to detect and is dynamic in nature. What that means is that it never uses the same code to infiltrate two different computers. Gumblar's main motive is to steal your private data - passwords, bannking details, surfing habits - you name it, and Gumblar wants it. The worst part? There is no concrete patch available yet.

So, what are the most common ways through which malware attacks your computer?

• Browser Plugins: Don't you just love those YouTube videos? Well, you won't when you know that bugs in plugins like the Adobe Flash Player (used for serving your videos), and others, are the primary intrusion points for most malware. Video plugins, PDF plugins, Active X plugins, etc. make your computer vulnerable to attack if they contain loopholes. The solution is to keep your plugins updated at all times. Better still, albeit impractical, disable them. If you are a Firefox user, use an extension like NoScript.
  
• Open Ports: Ports on your computer are like electric sockets on your walls. Softwares plug into various ports on your computer or servers to provide you with the services you want. The problem, however, comes up when you leave your ports open on your system, which are not being used by any software. Hackers tend to look for open ports through which they can gain access to your computer. The best way to protect against such attacks it to use a Firewall, or to block access to all unused ports using your router.
• Social Media/Networking Sites: So you thought Facebook is not susceptible to attacks? Think again. Facebook and other social portals are breeding farms for phishing and pharming scams. Phishers masquerade as trustworthy entities by sending you emails/IMs, which appear to be legitimate, but never are. Pharmers gain access to your information by redirecting you to fraudulent websites, when you want to go to some popular site. As of now, the only way to guard yourself against such attacks is awareness (just look at exactly what you are clicking before clicking it). You could also use updated antivirus suites and a Firefox extension called WebOfTrust (WOT). Also, remember that not every familiar face on your social network is a friend.
• Removable Media: And last, but in no way a minnow, removable media like flash drives, iPods, even cameras and cellphones may contain malicious content. Your best bet against these is to use a regularly updated anti-virus software.

With the rampant growth of the Internet, one can only expect malware to become more sophisticated, and use increasingly complex ways to deceive users. One line of defence is not enough to keep your data and identity safe. It's best to use a combination of different solutions. Staying one step ahead is your best bet against malware. And do remember that you are responsible for the mistakes you make only. If you aren't aware, or updated, then you have yourself to blame for any security failures.

Related Reading

• Tempting You to Click (chris.pirillo.com)
• Hacked Facebook apps lead users to fake antivirus software (infoworld.com)
• Report: The "Web" Has NEVER Been More Dangerous! (pindebit.blogspot.com)

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VMWare Working to Virtualize Smartphones

Most geeks have, at some point of time or the other, used multiple operating systems at once. We love our Windows environments, our Linux distros, and our Joliclouds. And we love to have them running at once. Well, if VMWare (the pioneers of virtualization) are to be believed, that same goodness is comin to our phones as well.

Srinivas Krishnamurti, VMWare's head of mobile phone virtualization, in an interview to Computer World said that they are currently working on various means by which virtualization maybe possible on mobile phones. He went on to add that merely dual-boot smartphones won't be the way forward, and that there must be a way by which multiple operating systems may be run simultaneously. He says,

We don’t think dual booting will be good enough – we’ll allow you to run both profiles at the same time and be able to switch between them by clicking a button,” he said. “You’ll be able to get and make calls in either profile – work or home – as they will both be live at any given point in time.

That single statement shows the kind of potential that virtualization has. VMWare has already demonstrated the co-existence of Android and Windows Mobile on the Nokia N800. Over time, we may see various operating systems slugging it out even more to be the consumer's secondary OS of choice. Of course, this also means that mobile hardware must continue to expand in the way it has been doing over the past few years. The only downside that the consumer may face would be the need to pay licensing fees for using a particular OS. But at the moment, it seems to be a very bright and shiny future for cellphone power users. I, for one, am dying to run the iPhone OS on my last generation Nokia N82.

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Extensions Come To Chrome

Everyone knows that Chrome is an awesome browser. It's fast, it's free and it's Google! But the one advantage Firefox always had over Chrome was extensions. In fact, that's the only reason why a lot of users (including yours truly) didn't make a permanent switch from Firefox to Chrome. But all that is set to change. Google recently made extensions live in Chrome's developer version, and today, theextension gallery went online.

As of this morning, the extension gallery already has 411 extensions.

And here's how you can get them:

1. First, upgrade to the latest developer build. This involves opening your current Chrome installation, and going to the Chrome Beta page.
2. Once you've downloaded and installed the Chrome developer build, you are all set to go.
3. Just fire up Chrome and visit the Chrome Extension Gallery, and check out all the extension fun available online.

And that's all there is to it. Go ahead and take the new souped up Chrome for a spin! And to help you start out, here's my 3 favorite Chrome Extensions:

1. Chromed Bird (Twitter Client)
2. Aviary Screen Capture (Screen Capture)
3. Stumble Upon (Social Media)

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Setup Google DNS For Your Computers

Update 2: Conclusive results that Google DNS is blazing fast.
Update 1: OpenDNS responds to Google's latest offering

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Holiday season seems to be a time of festivity even amongst Google engineers. Last year, they unleashed a slew of Google Labs features upon the world, each more innovative than the other. It seems like they are upto it again with some useful as well as fun ideas coming through. This year we've already seen the Default Text Styling Labs Feature, Google's initiative to send your holiday card for you (US only), and now they've come up with Google DNS.

I can hear you swearing under your breath. Fear not comrades, for DNS isn't the devil. It's not even half as complex as it sounds abbreviated. I'll delve into DNS today and also show you just how to go about configuring Google DNS for your computers.

DNS (or Domain Name System for those who love it long) is actually one of the cleverest innovations of the Internet. DNS is what enables you to sit your ass in a chair, type a website into the browser, and whistle happily as the browser serves up your page.

This is how it works. When you enter a website into the Address Bar of your browser, the browser is initially clueless about what you want to see. This is because computers are nasty, arrogant dudes who simply fail to understand the finer nuances of human lingual abilities. All they understand are numbers. So when you hit the Enter/Return key on your keyboard, something called a Resolver kicks in and takes the text from the browser. Then, it compares that text to a huge, collosal database that contains numbers associated with the entered text. These numbers, called IP Addresses (Internet Protocol Addresses), make the Internet (or in fact any network) work. This database of IP Addresses is called a DNS Cache, which is stored at with your local ISP (the company that gives you your Internet connection). A website is displayed if the IP Address corresponding to a particular text is found. If it isn't found, the resolver broadens its search and looks for the IP Addresses in nearby DNS Caches until the website is found (now you know what they mean by "Website Found. Waiting for Reply..." in your browser status bars).

So what Google has done, is made a consolidated database of websites, which they've deemed safe (read malware free) and stored it across various datacentres across the world. They have also implemented certain mechanisms that enable the browser to redirect to the nearest DNS when you request a page. What this does is reduce latency and brings up your webpages quicker. So, with a bit of work on their part, Google has made the Web safer and faster.

Now that you have the background, I'll show you how to configure your computer(s) for Google DNS in Windows Vista/7:

1. Go to the Network and Sharing Center (Start > Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center)
2. In the sidebar, click on "Change Adapter Settings" or something similar. This will show you a list of network adapters configured on your PC.
3. Right click the adapter you are using (say Local Area Connection, or Wireless Network Connection) and select "Properties". This opens the Property sheet for that adapter.
4. In the Networking tab, double-click the "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" entry. This makes another window pop-up.
5. In this new window, select the General tab and then click the option that says "Use the following DNS server addresses". This enables the two boxes below the option.
6. In the first box "Preferred DNS Server", enter the value 8.8.8.8 (look at the screenshot left above).
   
7. In the second box "Alternate DNS Server", enter the value 8.8.4.4 (look at the screenshot right above).
8. Click OK for all the windows.
9. For optimal performance, go to a command prompt (Start > Run > cmd.exe) and type "ipconfig /flushdns" (without the quotes) and press Enter.
10. That's it! Welcome to the safer, quicker web!

For people who think Google is just a big company trying to get into each of your lives with every product, use OpenDNS. You can also configure Google DNS to work for your entire network of devices by entering the above settings in your router configuration page (usually 192.168.1.1).

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Related articles:

• Introducing Google Public DNS (googleblog.blogspot.com)

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Pimp Out Your Email

Last week, I did a post on making your Desktop look good. If you missed it, read Trick Out Your Desktop To Make It roductive. On a similar, but more vain note, today I am going to talk about making Gmail look good for you. These tweaks, though more of a cosmetic kind, will make your Gmail experience nicer, and more worthwhile.

First of all, switch to Firefox. It's one of the safest browsers around, and some of the tweaks mentioned here work best on it.

• Use a theme for your Gmail inbox: If you haven't done so yet, head over to the Settings  > Themes tab and select one of the many themes available for Gmail. You can also choose your own colors by clicking Choose Your Own Colors at the bottom. If a fixed theme is not your taste, select Random.
• Install the Better Gmail 2 Firefox extension: Better Gmail 2 adds a lot of handy features to your Gmail tab in Firefox. It ad various features such as Row Highlights, Attachment Icons, Unread Count on Favicon, etc. Hit the link above to read the whole list and install it.
• Install Stylish for Firefox: Stylish is a really neat addon for Firefox. It lets you reconfigure the appearance of most websites, and theme it to appear differently. Themes can be installed from Userstyles or just right-click the Stylish icon in the status bar and select "Find Styles for this site". If you are good with CSS and Javascript, you can even code and upload it to the website (in case you do, mention it in the comments below). Mac fans can use the Snow Leopard theme here. Check out the screenshot below.
  

• Use Gmail Labs Features: If you have Gmail Labs enabled, you can simply use the Default Text Styling feature by going to Settings > Labs. After you enable it, go to Settings, scroll down and select how you want your text to appear. Do note that the style you set here will also be how your emails will appear to your recipients. So go a little easy on that shade of lavender that you love.

Incorporating these tweaks will surely help to make your Gmail experience droolworthy. In case you've always stuck to the POP/IMAP interface for Gmail because of Gmail's lacklustre default interface, maybe this will convince you to make the switch.

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This Month in Tech History

As kids, we were always taught that we are shaped by our past. The same can be said about technology. That lovely feeling of nostalgia that fills us geeks when we look back at how technology has evolved over the years can be really moving. I still remember my first mobile phone (a measly Nokia 5110i. I roll with an N82 now. Sweet!), my first (and only) iPod, the iPod Mini 2G, and my first computer, which was made WAY back in 1990 by a company, which has probably ceased to exist.

So, in keeping with our teachings, I'm going to write, on the 1st of each month, about old technological developments (and news) that still makes us shiver, nod appreciatively, and downright overwhelms us with emotion.

Welcome all, to This Month In Tech History - A date-wise listing of what was hot this month, that year.

• December 1, 1941: Microprocessor co-inventor Faggin is born - Dr. Frederico Faggin was born in Vicenza, Italy.
• December 3, 1968: CDC Announces 7600 Supercomputer - Control Data Corporation announces the 7600 model, considered by some as the first true supercomputer. It calculated at a measly 40 Megaflops (a lot in those times). Designed by Seymour Cray.
• December 9, 1916: Cryptologist and Statistician Good is born - Irving John Jack Good is born in London. During W.W.II he worked on both the Enigma and Teleprinter encrypting machines with Alan Turing at Bletchley.
• December 10, 1815: Lady Ada Lovelace is born - She is widely considered the first computer programmer. She worked with Charles Babbage (the father of the computer) and the language ADA was developed in her honour.
• December 12, 1980: Apple Computer's IPO - The largest IPO since Ford Motors went public in 1956. The shares were originally prices at $14 but opened at $22. All 4.6 million of them were sold almost instantly. 40 out of 1000 Apple employees turned overnight millionaires.
• December 18, 1991: IBM and Siemens AG announce 64MB DRAM Chips: IBM and Siemens announced the development of the 64MB DRAM prototype. It was once of the first developments that followed Moore's Law.
• December 24, 1791: Charles Babbage is born - Born in Teignmouth, Devonshire, Charles Babbage would later be given the title "Father of the Computer".
• December 26, 1982: TIME Magazine names a non-human "Man of the Year" - For the first time ever, TIME magazine names a machine of the year, the personal computer.
• December 30, 1987: PC-DOS sees version 3.2: IBM's version of DOS, used on the IBM-PC, was released on this date. The system requirements were 128 KB RAM.

The dates mentioned above changed the technology world as the then-geeks knew it. It would eventually evolve into something total and powerful.

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